Melanocytic lesions of the central nervous system: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Melanocytic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS) are an infrequent, broad and diverse group of entities, both benign and malignant, found in all age groups, with imaging findings ranging from well-circumscribed focal lesions to diffuse leptomeningeal involvement. On MRI, they are usually distinguished by a high signal on T1WI sequences, given the paramagnetic effect of melanin, thus making it difficult to differentiate among them. OBJECTIVE: To describe the imaging and epidemiological characteristics of a retrospective series of CNS melanocytic lesions. METHODS: MR images of 23 patients with CNS melanocytic lesions diagnosed between January 2012 and June 2018 were analyzed. RESULTS: Most patients were female (14/23; 61%), with a median age of 47 years (range: 3 weeks to 72 years). The primary melanocytic lesions accounted for 8/19 cases (42.1%), which included neurocutaneous melanosis, meningeal melanocytomas and primary malignant melanomas. Secondary melanocytic lesions (metastatic) accounted for 10/19 cases (52.6%). There was one case of a tumor with secondary melanization, from a melanocytic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. There were also four cases of primary ocular melanomas. The most frequent findings were the cerebral location, high T1WI signal and marked contrast-enhancement. CONCLUSIONS: The present review describes the wide variety of melanocytic lesions that could affect the CNS, emphasizing the MRI characteristics. Knowledge of the imaging, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of CNS melanocytic lesions is essential for their correct interpretation, given the significant overlap between lesion features and the variable prognosis.

Melanocytic lesions of the central nervous system: a case series / Lesiones melanocíticas del sistema nervioso central: una serie de casos

ABSTRACT Background: Melanocytic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS) are an infrequent, broad and diverse group of entities, both benign and malignant, found in all age groups, with imaging findings ranging from well-circumscribed focal lesions to diffuse leptomeningeal involvement. On MRI, they are usually distinguished by a high signal on T1WI sequences, given the paramagnetic effect of melanin, thus making it difficult to differentiate among them. Objective: To describe the imaging and epidemiological characteristics of a retrospective series of CNS melanocytic lesions. Methods: MR images of 23 patients with CNS melanocytic lesions diagnosed between January 2012 and June 2018 were analyzed. Results: Most patients were female (14/23; 61%), with a median age of 47 years (range: 3 weeks to 72 years). The primary melanocytic lesions accounted for 8/19 cases (42.1%), which included neurocutaneous melanosis, meningeal melanocytomas and primary malignant melanomas. Secondary melanocytic lesions (metastatic) accounted for 10/19 cases (52.6%). There was one case of a tumor with secondary melanization, from a melanocytic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. There were also four cases of primary ocular melanomas. The most frequent findings were the cerebral location, high T1WI signal and marked contrast-enhancement. Conclusions: The present review describes the wide variety of melanocytic lesions that could affect the CNS, emphasizing the MRI characteristics. Knowledge of the imaging, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of CNS melanocytic lesions is essential for their correct interpretation, given the significant overlap between lesion features and the variable prognosis.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las lesiones melanocíticas del sistema nervioso central (SNC) corresponden a un grupo infrecuente, amplio y diverso de entidades, tanto benignas como malignas, encontradas en todos los grupos etarios, con hallazgos imagenológicos que van desde lesiones focales bien circunscritas hasta un compromiso leptomeníngeo difuso. A la RM se distinguen por la alta señal en la secuencia T1WI, dado el efecto paramagnético de la melanina, haciendo difícil la diferenciación entre ellas. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y de de una serie retrospectiva de lesiones melanocíticas del SNC. Métodos: Revisión de imágenes de RM de 23 pacientes con lesiones melanocíticas del SNC diagnosticadas entre enero de 2012 y junio de 2018. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes fueron mujeres (14/23; 61%), con edades comprendidas entre las 3 semanas de vida hasta los 72 años. Las lesiones melanocíticas primarias representaron 8/19 (42,1%), incluyendo: melanosis neurocutáneas, melanocitomas meníngeos y melanomas malignos primarios. Las lesiones melanocíticas secundarias (metastásicas) representaron 10/19 casos (52,6%). Hubo un caso de tumor con melanización secundaria (tumor neuroectodermico melanocítico de la infancia). Se incluyeron cuatro casos de melanomas oculares primarios. Los hallazgos más frecuentes fueron la localización cerebral, el aumento de señal T1 y el acentuado realce con el gadolinio. Conclusiones: Se describe la amplia variedad de lesiones melanocíticas encontradas en el SNC, enfatizando sus características a la RM. El conocimiento de sus características imagenológicas, clínicas y epidemiológicas es fundamental para su correcta interpretación, dado la notable superposición entre las presentaciones de las lesiones y lo variable de sus pronósticos.

Experiencia de reconversión de un servicio clínico anestésico-quirúrgico en unidad de pacientes críticos COVID-19 en un hospital universitario / Experience of transforming a clinical surgical-anesthetic unit into a COVID-19 critical patient one in a teaching hospital

INTRODUCTION: The experience of restructuring a clinical surgical-anesthetic unit into a critical patient unit in charge of surgical- anesthetic personnel is presented during the period from May to July 2020 in the context of a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. OBJECTIVES: Describe the unit's restructuring process, considering technical aspects, changes in staff functions, clinical outcomes of the patients, quality indicators obtained and the psychological impact on the healthcare team. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: The strategies implemented by the responsible experts were described (ie: engineering). Clinical data were obtained from an insti- tutional database and electronical medical records. The management of human resources was described using administrative records of the services of anesthesiology, OR and critical patient unit. The psychological impact on the unit staff was evaluated by applying the Maslach questionnaire. The quality of the clinical management of the unit was obtained from the compilation of standardized quality indicators for the critical patient units of the institution. RESULTS: 25 patients were admitted in the unit. The mean age was 62 ± 12 years. About the complications, 52% had pulmonary embolism, 36% had acute kidney injury, and 1 patient died. The prevalence of Burnout Syndrome was 73.6%. The occurrence of adverse events was minimal. DISCUSSION: The transformation of an anesthetic-surgical unit into a COVID critical patient one, demands a complex net of coordinated strategies to allow facing the attention demand with positive clinical results, at the expense of the health care team mental health.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se presenta la experiencia de reconversión de una unidad de cuidados posanestésicos a una unidad de cuidados intensivos a cargo de personal anestésico-quirúrgico entre mayo y julio de 2020, en contexto de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. OBJETIVOS: Describir el proceso de reconversión considerando aspectos técnicos, pertinentes al recurso humano, resultados clínicos, indicadores de calidad e impacto psicológico en el equipo de salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se describen las estrategias implementadas por los expertos responsables. Se obtienen datos clínicos desde base de datos institucional y ficha clínica electrónica. Se describe la gestión del recurso humano utilizando registros administrativos de los servicios involucrados. El impacto psicológico en el personal fue evaluado aplicando el cuestionario de Maslach. La calidad de la gestión clínica se obtiene a partir de indicadores de calidad estandarizados para las unidades de pacientes críticos de nuestro establecimiento. RESULTADOS: Se atendieron 25 pacientes en la unidad. La edad promedio fue 62 ± 12 años. El 52% presentó tromboembolismo pulmonar, 36% injuria renal aguda como complicación. Un paciente falleció. La prevalencia de síndrome de Burnout fue de 73,6%. La ocurrencia de eventos adversos fue baja. CONCLUSIONESConclusiones: La reconversión de una unidad anestésico-quirúrgica a una unidad crítica COVID-19, demanda un complejo entramado de estrategias coordinadas que permiten responder a la demanda de atención con resultados clínicos positivos, a expensas del costo de la salud mental del equipo de salud involucrado.

Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis due to the use of rifampicin. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rifampin is a cornerstone for the first phase of the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. This report presents the case of a patient with allergic tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) due to rifampin, situation that has not been reported in Colombia. Case presentation: A male patient with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis treated with rifampin developed acute kidney injury. On admission, no evidence of abnormalities or history to explain the injury was found, but he did present tubular acidosis and associated Fanconi syndrome. The kidney injury was temporarily consistent with rifampicin use, and a kidney biopsy confirmed ATIN. The drug was suspended, resulting in improved kidney function. Discussion: ATIN as a side effect of rifampin is a scarcely reported disease. The risk of developing this condition should be considered when starting and restarting treatments with this medication. Conclusion: ATIN is one of the side effects of tuberculosis treatment. Albeit rare, it should be considered when starting tuberculosis medications.

RESUMEN Introducción. La rifampicina es un medicamento fundamental en la primera fase del tratamiento en la tuberculosis pulmonar; sin embargo, esta puede causar nefritis tubulointersticial aguda (NTIA) en raras ocasiones. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino con antecedentes de tuberculosis y en tratamiento con rifampicina, quien desarrolló lesión renal aguda. Al ingreso, el sujeto no registró anormalidades o antecedentes que explicaran lesión renal, pero sí presentaba acidosis tubular y síndrome de Fanconi asociado. La lesión renal concordó temporalmente con el uso de rifampicina y una biopsia de riñón confirmó NTIA. Se ordenó suspender el medicamento, con lo cual la función renal mejoró. Discusión. La NTIA como un efecto secundario de la rifampicina es una enfermedad poco reportada, por tanto, al iniciar y al reiniciar el manejo con este medicamento se debe tener en cuenta el riesgo de desarrollarla. Conclusión. La NTIA es uno de los efectos secundarios del tratamiento de la tuberculosis y, aunque es raro, debe tenerse en cuenta al iniciar el esquema de medicamentos para la tuberculosis.

Early Miocene CO2 estimates from a Neotropical fossil leaf assemblage exceed 400 ppm.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The global climate during the early Miocene was warmer than the present and preceded the even warmer middle Miocene climatic optimum. The paleo-CO2 records for this interval suggest paradoxically low concentrations (<450 ppm) that are difficult to reconcile with a warmer-than-present global climate. METHODS: In this study, we use a leaf gas-exchange model to estimate CO2 concentrations using stomatal characteristics of fossil leaves from a late early Miocene Neotropical assemblage from Panama that we date to 18.01 ± 0.17 Ma via 238 U/206 Pb zircon geochronology. We first validated the model for Neotropical environments by estimating CO2 from canopy leaves of 21 extant species in a natural Panamanian forest and from leaves of seven Neotropical species in greenhouse experiments at 400 and 700 ppm. KEY RESULTS: The results showed that the most probable combined CO2 estimate from the natural forests and 400 ppm experiments is 475 ppm, and for the 700 ppm experiments is 665 ppm. CO2 estimates from the five fossil species exhibit bimodality, with two species most consistent with a low mode (528 ppm) and three with a high mode (912 ppm). CONCLUSIONS: Despite uncertainties, it is very likely (at >95% confidence) that CO2 during the late early Miocene exceeded 400 ppm. These results revise upwards the likely CO2 concentration at this time, more in keeping with a CO2 -forced greenhouse climate.

Factors Associated with the Rapid and Durable Decline in Malaria Incidence in El Salvador, 1980-2017.

A decade after the Global Malaria Eradication Program, El Salvador had the highest burden of malaria in Mesoamerica, with approximately 20% due to Plasmodium falciparum. A resurgence of malaria in the 1970s led El Salvador to alter its national malaria control strategy. By 1995, El Salvador recorded its last autochthonous P. falciparum case with fewer than 20 Plasmodium vivax cases annually since 2011. By contrast, its immediate neighbors continue to have the highest incidences of malaria in the region. We reviewed and evaluated the policies and interventions implemented by the Salvadoran National Malaria Program that likely contributed to this progress toward malaria elimination. Decentralization of the malaria program, early regional stratification by risk, and data-driven stratum-specific actions resulted in the timely and targeted allocation of resources for vector control, surveillance, case detection, and treatment. Weekly reporting by health workers and volunteer collaborators-distributed throughout the country by strata and informed via the national surveillance system-enabled local malaria teams to provide rapid, adaptive, and focalized program actions. Sustained investments in surveillance and response have led to a dramatic reduction in local transmission, with most current malaria cases in El Salvador due to importation from neighboring countries. Additional support for systematic elimination efforts in neighboring countries would benefit the region and may be needed for El Salvador to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. El Salvador's experience provides a relevant case study that can guide the application of similar strategies in other countries committed to malaria elimination.

Impact of hypotension and global hypoperfusion in postoperative delirium: a pilot study in older adults undergoing open colon surgery / Impacto da hipotensão e hipoperfusão global sobre o delírio pós-operatório: um estudo piloto com idosos submetidos à cirurgia aberta do cólon

Abstract Background: Post-operative delirium is a serious complication in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. It remains unclear whether peri-operative hemodynamic and perfusion variables affect the risk for postoperative delirium. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the association between perfusion and hemodynamics peri-operative with the appearance of post-operative delirium. Methods: Prospective cohort study of adults 60 years or older undergoing elective open colon surgery. Multimodal hemodynamic and perfusion variables were monitored, including central venous oxygenation (ScvO2), lactate levels, and non-invasive cerebral oxygenation (rSO2), according to a standard anesthesia protocol. Fisher's exact test or Student's t-test were used to compare patients who developed post-operative delirium with those who did not (p < 0.05). Results: We studied 28 patients, age 73 ± 7 years, 60.7% female. Two patients developed post-operative delirium (7.1%). These two patients had fewer years of education than those without delirium (p = 0.031). None of the peri-operative blood pressure variables were associated with incidence of post-operative delirium. In terms of perfusion parameters, postoperative ScvO2 was lower in the delirium than the non-delirium group, without reaching statistical significance (65 ± 10% vs. 74 ± 5%; p = 0.08), but the delta-ScvO2 (the difference between means post-operative and intra-operative) was associated with post-operative delirium (p = 0.043). Post-operative lactate and rSO2 variables were not associated with delirium. Conclusions: Our pilot study suggests an association between delta ScvO2 and post-operative delirium, and a tendency to lower post-operative ScvO2 in patients who developed delirium. Further studies are necessary to elucidate this association.

Resumo Justificativa: O delírio pós-operatório é uma complicação séria em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal de grande porte. Ainda não está claro se as variáveis hemodinâmicas e de perfusão no período perioperatório afetam o risco de delírio pós-operatório. O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi avaliar a associação entre perfusão e hemodinâmica no perioperatório com o surgimento de delírio pós-operatório. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de coorte de adultos com 60 anos ou mais, submetidos à cirurgia eletiva aberta do cólon. As variáveis multimodais de hemodinâmica e perfusão foram monitoradas, inclusive oxigenação venosa central (ScvO2), níveis de lactato e oxigenação cerebral não invasiva (rSO2), de acordo com um protocolo-padrão de anestesia. O teste exato de Fisher ou o teste t de Student foram usados para comparar os pacientes que desenvolveram delírio pós-operatório com aqueles que não desenvolveram p < 0,05. Resultados: Avaliamos 28 pacientes, 73 ± 7 anos, 60,7% do sexo feminino. Dois pacientes desenvolveram delírio pós-operatório (7,1%). Esses dois pacientes tinham menos anos de escolaridade do que aqueles sem delírio pós-operatório (p = 0,031). Nenhuma das variáveis de pressão arterial no perioperatório foi associada à incidência de delírio. Quanto aos parâmetros de perfusão, ScvO2 foi menor no grupo que apresentou delírio pós-operatório do que no grupo que não apresentou delírio, sem atingir significância estatística (65 ± 10% vs. 74 ± 5%; p = 0,08), mas o delta-ScvO2 (a diferença entre as médias no pós-operatório e intraoperatório) foi associado ao delírio (p = 0,043). As variáveis de lactato e rSO2 no pós-operatório não foram associadas ao delírio. Conclusões: Nosso estudo piloto sugere uma associação entre delta-ScvO2 e delírio e uma tendência à diminuição da ScvO2 no pós-operatório de pacientes com delírio. Estudos adicionais são necessários para elucidar essa associação.

[Impact of hypotension and global hypoperfusion in postoperative delirium: a pilot study in older adults undergoing open colon surgery]. / Impacto da hipotensão e hipoperfusão global sobre o delírio pós­operatório: um estudo piloto com idosos submetidos à cirurgia aberta do cólon.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative delirium is a serious complication in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. It remains unclear whether peri-operative hemodynamic and perfusion variables affect the risk for postoperative delirium. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the association between perfusion and hemodynamics peri-operative with the appearance of post-operative delirium. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of adults 60 years or older undergoing elective open colon surgery. Multimodal hemodynamic and perfusion variables were monitored, including central venous oxygenation (ScvO2), lactate levels, and non-invasive cerebral oxygenation (rSO2), according to a standard anesthesia protocol. Fisher's exact test or Student's t-test were used to compare patients who developed post-operative delirium with those who did not (p<0.05). RESULTS: We studied 28 patients, age 73±7 years, 60.7% female. Two patients developed post-operative delirium (7.1%). These two patients had fewer years of education than those without delirium (p=0.031). None of the peri-operative blood pressure variables were associated with incidence of post-operative delirium. In terms of perfusion parameters, postoperative ScvO2 was lower in the delirium than the non-delirium group, without reaching statistical significance (65±10% vs. 74±5%; p=0.08), but the delta-ScvO2 (the difference between means post-operative and intra-operative) was associated with post-operative delirium (p=0.043). Post-operative lactate and rSO2 variables were not associated with delirium. CONCLUSIONS: Our pilot study suggests an association between delta ScvO2 and post-operative delirium, and a tendency to lower post-operative ScvO2 in patients who developed delirium. Further studies are necessary to elucidate this association.

Miocene flooding events of western Amazonia.

There is a considerable controversy about whether western Amazonia was ever covered by marine waters during the Miocene [23 to 5 Ma (million years ago)]. We investigated the possible occurrence of Miocene marine incursions in the Llanos and Amazonas/Solimões basins, using sedimentological and palynological data from two sediment cores taken in eastern Colombia and northwestern Brazil together with seismic information. We observed two distinct marine intervals in the Llanos Basin, an early Miocene that lasted ~0.9 My (million years) (18.1 to 17.2 Ma) and a middle Miocene that lasted ~3.7 My (16.1 to 12.4 Ma). These two marine intervals are also seen in Amazonas/Solimões Basin (northwestern Amazonia) but were much shorter in duration, ~0.2 My (18.0 to 17.8 Ma) and ~0.4 My (14.1 to 13.7 Ma), respectively. Our results indicate that shallow marine waters covered the region at least twice during the Miocene, but the events were short-lived, rather than a continuous full-marine occupancy of Amazonian landscape over millions of years.

Hand anthropometric study in northern Colombia.

The main purpose of this study is to gather information about the dimensions of the northern Colombian (Caribbean region) population, focusing on the dimensions of the hand and comparing them with measurements from other regions. Thirty-two hand dimensions were chosen and 120 males and 86 females were measured. Results indicated that there were differences between the dimensions of the hand for men and women, showing that men are larger. Also, there was a comparison made between some measurements of other studies in different regions of Colombia, the USA, Chile, Jordan, Korea and Japan. The results indicated important physiological differences between regions in Colombia and across countries. It was therefore concluded that differences in anthropometric measurements must be included in the design and procurement of machinery and apparatus in order to avoid productivity loss, occupational injuries or illness.

Testate Amoebae (Amebozoa: Arcellinida) in Tropical Lakes of Central Mexico / Amebas testadas (Amebozoa, Arcellinida) en lagos tropicales del centro de México

AbstractTestate amoebae are common single-celled eukaryotic organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Despite their important role in these ecosystems, and their potential as bioindicators and paleoindicators, they remain poorly studied in Mexico. The major objectives of this study were to: 1) increase knowledge of testate amoebae in Mexico's tropical lakes, and 2) create a catalog of high-quality scanning electron micrographs that can be used for future ecological and paleoenvironmental studies. We collected surface-sediment samples from 29 lakes, located in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, one at each lake during June and October 2011, and March 2013. Sediments were collected with an Ekman grab and preserved in anhydrous ethanol. Sub-samples were observed under a stereomicroscope and morphometric data for each species were recorded. Total diameter and aperture diameter were measured on circular tests. Irregularly shaped tests were measured for length and width of the aperture and for the size of the whole test. If a specimen possessed spines, the length of one randomly selected spine was measured. The best-preserved specimen of each taxon was photographed with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). We found 41 taxa of testate amoebae belonging to the genera: Arcella, Argynnia, Centropyxis, Cucurbitella, Cyclopyxis, Cyphoderia, Difflugia, Euglypha, Lesquereusia, Pentagonia, Pseudodifflugia and Scutiglypha. Twelve species not previously reported for Mexico were recorded, along with 13 varieties. The average number of taxa recorded in each lake was eight, and the highest taxonomic richness was 18. The taxon found in the greatest number of lakes was Centropyxis aculeata var. aculeata. Taxonomic richness varied among lakes in the same region. This could reflect lake-specific differences in environmental conditions, underscoring the need for more detailed studies that include collection of data on physical and chemical variables in the lakes. Our results highlighted the need of further studies for the distribution patterns and ecology of lacustrine testate amoebae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (1): 377-397. Epub 2016 March 01.

ResumenLas amebas testadas son organismos eucariontes unicelulares frecuentes en ecosistemas acuáticos. A pesar de su importante rol en estos ecosistemas, y su potencial como bioindicadores y paleoindicadores, son poco estudiados en México. Los principales objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) incrementar el conocimiento de las amebas testadas en lagos tropicales de México y 2) crear un catálogo de microfotografías electrónicas de barrido de alta calidad que pueda ser usado en futuros estudios ecológicos y paleoambientales. Recolectamos muestras de sedimentos superficiales de 29 lagos, ubicados en la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana, una vez en cada lago durante junio y octubre 2011 y marzo 2013. Los sedimentos se recolectaron con una draga tipo Ekman y se preservaron en etanol anhidro. Las sub-muestras se observaron al microscopio estereoscópico. Para cada especie fueron registrados sus datos morfométricos. En testas circulares fueron medidos el diámetro y la apertura total. En testas irregulares fueron medidos el largo y ancho de la apertura y el tamaño de toda la testa. Si un ejemplar poseía espinas, se seleccionó una al azar y se midió su longitud. El ejemplar mejor preservado de cada taxón fue fotografiado con un microscopio óptico y en microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB). Encontramos 41 taxa de amebas testadas pertenecientes a los géneros Arcella, Argynnia, Centropyxis, Cucurbitella, Cyclopyxis, Cyphoderia, Difflugia, Euglypha, Lesquereusia, Pentagonia, Pseudodifflugia y Scutiglypha. Se registraron 12 especies y 13 variedades que no estaban reportadas previamente en México. El número promedio de taxa registrados en cada lago fue de ocho, y la riqueza taxonómica mayor fue de 18. El taxón encontrado en el mayor número de lagos fue Centropyxis aculeata var. aculeata. La riqueza taxonómica compartida por lagos de la misma región no fue muy similar. Esto puede reflejar diferencias en las condiciones ambientales, evidenciando la necesidad de elaborar estudios más detallados que incluyan la recolección de datos de las variables físico-químicas en los lagos. Nuestros resultados resaltan la necesidad de estudios posteriores acerca de los patrones de distribución y la ecología de las amebas testadas lacustres.

Testate Amoebae (Amebozoa: Arcellinida) in Tropical Lakes of Central Mexico.

Testate amoebae are common single-celled eukaryotic organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Despite their important role in these ecosystems, and their potential as bioindicators and paleoindicators, they remain poorly studied in Mexico. The major objectives of this study were to: 1) increase knowledge of testate amoebae in Mexico's tropical lakes, and 2) create a catalog of high-quality scanning electron micrographs that can be used for future ecological and paleoenvironmental studies. We collected surface-sediment samples from 29 lakes, located in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, one at each lake during June and October 2011, and March 2013. Sediments were collected with an Ekman grab and preserved in anhydrous ethanol. Sub-samples were observed under a stereomicroscope and morphometric data for each species were recorded. Total diameter and aperture diameter were measured on circular tests. Irregularly shaped tests were measured for length and width of the aperture and for the size of the whole test. If a specimen possessed spines, the length of one randomly selected spine was measured. The best-preserved specimen of each taxon was photographed with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). We found 41 taxa of testate amoebae belonging to the genera: Arcella, Argynnia, Centropyxis, Cucurbitella, Cyclopyxis, Cyphoderia, Difflugia, Euglypha, Lesquereusia, Pentagonia, Pseudodifflugia and Scutiglypha. Twelve species not previously reported for Mexico were recorded, along with 13 varieties. The average number of taxa recorded in each lake was eight, and the highest taxonomic richness was 18. The taxon found in the greatest number of lakes was Centropyxis aculeata var. aculeata. Taxonomic richness varied among lakes in the same region. This could reflect lake-specific differences in environmental conditions, underscoring the need for more detailed studies that include collection of data on physical and chemical variables in the lakes. Our results highlighted the need of further studies for the distribution patterns and ecology of lacustrine testate amoebae.

Cistitis hemorrágica por Enterococo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Enterococcus hemorrhagic cystitis: a case report and literature review

La hematuria macroscópica es un síntoma y signo clínico más que una enfermedad por sí misma, dado que detrás de ésta siempre habrá una enfermedad responsable. La hematuria macroscópica, a diferencia de la microscópica, siempre obliga al médico a estudiarla exhaustivamente puesto que múltiples enfermedades pueden ser la posible etiología y, a su vez, pudiera generarse gran morbilidad para el paciente en caso de no ser rápidamente identificadas y tratadas. La historia clínica y el examen físico del paciente son el pilar fundamental para guiar el enfoque paraclínico inicial de los pacientes. Este último debe ser iniciado con el uroanálisis y según su resultado, se deben continuar los estudios necesarios para corroborar o confirmar las sospechas diagnósticas generadas en el interrogatorio y el examen clínico inicial. Se presenta un caso inusual de una paciente de 12 años con hematuria macroscópica franca, quien llega al servicio de urgencias pediátricas sin antecedentes claros que guiaran a un diagnóstico inicial, motivo por lo cual se le realizan varios paraclínicos para descartar enfermedades frecuentemente asociadas a este motivo de consulta. Finalmente se llega a un diagnóstico inusual de cistitis hemorrágica por Enterococcus Sp., del cual no se encontraron casos reportados previamente en la literatura. Este caso inusual permite hacer una revisión de la literatura respecto a la hematuria macroscópica en la población pediátrica, con el fin de puntualizar yaclarar el enfoque diagnóstico.

Gross hematuria is more a symptom and clinical sign than a disease by itself, because behind this there is always a disease that is responsible for it. Gross hematuria always obligates to be studied because many potentially complicated diseases might generate some morbidity for patient. Clinical history and physical examination are fundamental for guiding initial laboratory approach in our patients, which should be started with an urinalysis and continued as necessary for corroborating suspected diagnosis by clinical history and physical examination. We present an unusual case of 12 years old patient with gross hematuria that comes to emergency department, some laboratories test were taken looking for the most frequent pathologies, but we made the diagnosis of a very unusual case of enterococcal hemorrhagic cystitis, about what there are no previous reports in medical literature. This unusual case allows a review of literature on macroscopic haematuria in paediatric population in order to clarify the diagnostic approach in this type of symptomatology, as was done in this patient.

Leishmaniasis cutánea americana en Venezuela, bienio 2008-2009 / American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela, biennium 2008-2009

Se presenta el reporte epidemiológico de la Leishmaniasis Cutánea Americana (LCA) en Venezuela para los años 2008-2009. Se describen las características epidemiológicas generales, junto a algunos aspectos clínico-inmunológicos de sus diferentes formas clínicas. Esto se logro a través del análisis de la base de datos del registro nacional de leishmaniasis del Instituto de Biomedicina. La información fue analizada con Epi Info 3.5.1 y Excel. Un total de 4.640 casos de las diferentes formas clínicas de leishmaniasis cutánea fueron diagnosticados en el periodo 2008-2009, una media de 2.320 casos por año, con una tasa promedio anual de 8,25 por 100.000 habitantes. Predomina el sexo masculino con una razón de masculinidad de 1,84 para el periodo en estudio. Casos en todas las edades, con predominio numérico en el grupo de 5 a 34 años, edad promedio fue de 31,09 y 33,91 años para 2008 y 2009 respectivamente. En cuanto a la ocupación 22,39 % corresponde a personas del sector agropecuario, seguido de estudiantes con 20,88% de los casos. Se registraron casos en todas las entidades federales menos en Nueva Esparta, en este periodo los estados con mayor número de casos fueron, Lara con 910 (19,61%), Miranda con 650 (14,01%) y Táchira con 488 (10,52%). En cuanto a las formas clínicas se observó un predominio franco de la leishmaniasis cutánea localizada con 97,84% de los casos (4.540/4.640). Mientras que las formas localizadas están distribuidas por todo el territorio nacional, las formas difusas predominan en el estado Lara (63,64%, 7/11), las formas Mucosas en los estados Bolívar (21,74%, 10/46), Portuguesa (15,22%, 7/46) y Miranda, Táchira, Zulia (10,87%, 5/46 c/u) y finalmente las formas intermedias en los estados Monagas (30,23%, 13/43), Miranda (18,60%, 8/43) y Táchira (13,95%, 6/43). Las características clínicas e inmunológicas estudiadas variaron de acuerdo con las diferentes formas clínicas. En promedio más del 90 % (93,39 % en el 2008 y 89,81 % en el 2009) de los casos fueron diagnosticados con frotis directo. 88,86 % de los casos recibieron como tratamiento de primera elección inmunoterapia. En conclusión se hace una descripción clínico-epidemiológica de la LCA en Venezuela para el periodo 2008-2009 y se compara con el patrón descrito con anterioridad.

The epidemiological report of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Venezuela for the years 2008-2009 is presented. It describes the general epidemiological characteristics, together with some clinical and immunological aspects of its different clinical forms. This was performed by analyzing the database of the leishmaniasis national registry of the Instituto de Biomedicina. The data was analyzed using Epi Info 3.5.1 and Excel. A total of 4,640 cases of different clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis were diagnosed during 2008-2009, i. e. 2,320 cases per year with an average annual rate of 8.25 per 100,000 inhabitants. It is predominant in males, with a sex ratio of 1.84 for the period under study. Cases in all ages, with numerical predominance in the group of 5 to 34 years, mean age were 31.09 and 33.91 years for 2008 and 2009 respectively. Regarding the occupation, 22.39% are people of the agricultural sector, followed by students with 20.88% of cases. Cases were recorded in all states but Nueva Esparta, the states with the largest number of cases were Lara with 910 (19.61%), Miranda 650 (14.01%) and Táchira with 488 (10.52%). In terms of clinical forms, clear predominance was observed of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis with 97.84 % (4,540) cases. While localized forms are distributed nationwide, diffuse forms predominate in the Lara State (63.64%, 7/11), muco-cutaneous forms predominate in the States of Bolivar (21.74%, 10/46), Portuguesa (15.22%, 7/46) and Miranda, Táchira, Zulia (10.87%, 5/46 each one) and finally, the intermediate forms in the States of Monagas (30.23%, 13/43), Miranda (18.60%, 8/43) and Táchira (13.95%, 6/43). The clinical and immunological characteristics studied varied according to the different clinical forms. In average, more than 90% (93.39% in 2008 and 89.81% in 2009) of the cases were diagnosed with direct smear. 88.86% of the patients received immunotherapy as first choice treatment. In conclusion, a clinical-epidemiological description of the ACL in Venezuela for the period 2008-2009 was made and compared with the pattern previously described.

Bioética y exclusión persistente en América Latina y el Caribe: de la sociedad colonial a la sociedad tecnocientífica / Bioethics and persistent exclusion of Latin America and the Caribbean: from a colonial society to a technoscientific society

El propósito de este texto consiste en mostrar algunos aspectos, de una evolución histórica, de la exclusión persistente en América Latina y el Caribe. El paso de una sociedad colonial, resultado de la presencia europea en tierras americanas y particularmente en lo relacionado con Latinoamérica, que originó las mezclas sociales con tres fuentes raciales, nativos, blancos y negros, a la sociedad contemporánea, caracterizada por el predominio de la ciencia y la tecnología, la globalización, el mercado y las comunicaciones. En otras palabras, presento un análisis sobre la exclusión social que se mantiene en muchos aspectos en la región latinoamericana y caribeña.

Antígeno carcinoembrionario versus dímero D en la determinación del pronóstico y la recurrencia en el paciente con cáncer colorrectal / Carcinoembryonic antigen vs. D-dimer in the evaluation of colorectal cancer patients’ prognoses and potential recurrence

Antecedentes: El antígeno carcinoembrionario (ACE) es el marcador tumoral más usado en el cáncer colorrectal (CCR). Recientes estudios sugieren que el dímero D (DD) puede ser un mejor marcador tumoral que el ACE. Se pretende evaluar, en este estudio prospectivo, el valor pronóstico de ambos marcadores en pacientes con CCR. Materiales y métodos: La población de estudio son 166 pacientes (media 60,7 ± 12,1 años, 85 hombres) que fueron intervenidos con intención curativa por cáncer colorrectal (estados I a III) entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2007 a quienes se les comprobó en el preoperatorio el ACE y el DD, así como en el seguimiento hasta su recaída y/o muerte. Se evaluaron las características clínico-patológicas y el estado del tumor se determinó de acuerdo al sistema de la AJCC. Se estableció un valor anormal para ACE superior a 5 ng/mL y mayor a 0,5 µg/mL para el DD. Se determinaron los valores de ambos marcadores al momento de la recurrencia o del último control en los que sobrevivieron, lo que se hizo hasta junio de 2008. Resultados: En el prequirúrgico se encontraron valores anormales en el 81,3% para el DD y de 51,2% para el ACE. Valores elevados de DD y ACE se relacionan con un estado más avanzado. El valor pronóstico del ACE y el DD preoperatorios favorece al ACE como predictor de recurrencia y de mortalidad. Las curvas de sobrevida son similares para ambos marcadores. Conclusiones: Podemos afirmar que un ACE anormal tiene una mayor correlación con el estado tumoral y un mejor valor pronóstico de recaída y de mortalidad que la elevación del DD.

Background: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the most common marker used for diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies suggest that D-dimer (DD) can be a better tumor marker than CEA. This prospective study evaluates the value for prognosis of both markers in patients with CRC. Materials and Methods: 166 colorectal cancer patients were studied. There were 85 male patients and 81 female patients. Their mean age was 60.7±12.1 years. All had undergone surgery with curative intent for stages I and II CRC between January 2003 and December 2007. During the preoperative phase both CEA and DD were used to establish prognoses for these patients. They were monitored until relapse and/or death. Clinical pathological characteristics were evaluated and the tumor stage was determined according to the AJCC system. 5 ng/mL was determined as an abnormal value for CEA and 0.5 µg/mL as abnormal for DD. The values for both markers were determined for the recurrent cases or at the final check up of patients who survived. These studies were continued until June 2008. Results: During the preoperative phase, abnormal DD values were found in 81.3% of these patients, while abnormal values for CEA were found in 51.2%. Elevated values of DD and CEA were related to how far the cancer had advanced. Preoperative prognoses as determined by CEA and DD favor CEA as a marker for predicting both recurrence and mortality. Survival curves were similar for both markers. Conclusion: Abnormal CEA values have a higher correlation with tumor stages and have greater value for determining prognoses of relapse and mortality than does DD value elevation.

Leishmaniasis cutánea americana en Venezuela: un análisis clínico epidemiológico a nivel nacional y por entidad federal, 1988-2007 / American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela: a clinical and epidemiological analysis at a national level and by federal entity, 1988-2007

Se describen las características epidemiológicas generales, junto a algunos aspectos clínico-inmunológicos, de las diferentes formas clínicas de leishmaniasis cutánea en Venezuela. Esto se logró a través de un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de la base de datos del registro nacional de leishmaniasis en el Instituto de Biomedicina. La información fue analizada con EpiInfo 3.5.1, SPSS 11.0 y Excel. 47.762 casos de las diferentes formas clínicas de leishmaniasis cutánea fueron diagnosticados en el periodo 1988-2007, esto es 2.388 casos por año, con una tasa promedio anual de 10,5 por 100.000 habitantes. Predomina en sexo masculino con una razón de masculinidad que oscila entre 1,2 y 1,8. Casos en todas las edades, con predominio en el grupo de 15 a 24 años, edad promedio de 28 años. En cuanto a la ocupación 24,58 % corresponde a personas del sector agropecuario, seguido de estudiantes (21,40%) y Oficios del Hogar (18,47%). Se han registrado casos en todas las entidades federales, observándose regiones como los estados andinos (Trujillo y Mérida) con tasas superiores a 30 por 100.000 habitantes. La distribución según forma clínica fue: 97,94% (46.778) leishmaniasis cutánea localizada; 0,72% (346) leishmaniasis cutánea intermedia; 1,11% (531) leishmaniasis cutánea mucosa y 0,22% (107) leishmaniasis cutánea difusa. Las características clínicas e inmunológicas estudiadas variaron de acuerdo con las diferentes formas clínicas descritas. En conclusión, se hace una descripción clínico-epidemiológica de la leishmaniasis cutánea americana en Venezuela en base a los datos del registro de casos del Programa Nacional de Control de la Leishmaniasis. Esto sirve de apoyo al desarrollo de futuras investigaciones y para la mejora del propio registro con los consecuentes beneficios que ello puede traer al programa de control.

The general epidemiological characteristics are described, together with some clinical and immunological aspects of the different clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela. This was accomplished through a descriptive retrospective study of the leishmaniasis national registry database of the Institute of Biomedicine. The information was analyzed with EpiInfo 3.5.1, SPSS 11.0 and Excel. 47,762 cases of different clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis were diagnosed during the period 1988-2007, i.e. 2,388 cases per year, with an average annual rate of 10.5 per 100,000 inhabitants. It is predominant in males, with a sex ratio of between 1.2 and 1.8. There are cases in all ages, with predominance in the 15 to 24 years group, average age 28 years. In terms of occupation, 24.58% are people of the agricultural sector, followed by students (21.40%) and housewives (18.47%). Cases have been registered in all the federal entities, observing regions such as the Andean States (Trujillo and Merida) with rates above 30 per 100,000 inhabitants. Distribution according to clinical form was: 97.94% (46,778) localized cutaneous leishmaniasis; 0.72% (346) intermediate cutaneous leishmaniasis, 1.11% (531) mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and 0.22% (107) diffused cutaneous leishmaniasis. The clinical and immunological characteristics examined varied according to the different clinical forms described. In conclusion, a clinical and epidemiological description is made of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela, based on the data of the register of cases of the Leishmaniasis Control National Program. This serves to support the development of future research and improve the register with the consequent benefits is can bring to the control program.

Uso da morfina intratecal na artrodese lombar / Uso de morfina intratecal en artrodesis lumbar / Intrathecal morphine in lumbar spine fusion

OBJETIVO: determinar la eficacia y la seguridad del uso de morfina intratecal, en bajas dosis, en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de instrumentación y artrodesis lumbar. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, randomizado, ciego y controlado. Fueron utilizados dos grupos de pacientes: Grupo Estudio, que recibió morfina intratecal al final de su cirugía, y Grupo Control que sólo recibió el protocolo de analgesia estándar. RESULTADOS: se encontraron diferencias significativas en la escala visual análoga (EVA) entre los dos grupos a las 12 horas postoperatorias. La EVA en reposo promedio del Grupo Estudio fue de 2,15 cm y el del Grupo Control, 5 cm (p=0,013). En actividad, el Grupo Estudio presentó una EVA promedio de 4,36 cm, y el Grupo Control 6,9 cm (p=0,029). No se encontraron diferencias en relación a las complicaciones entre los dos grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: el uso de morfina intratecal, en bajas dosis, es seguro y efectivo en el control del dolor en las primeras 12 horas postoperatorias en cirugía de artrodesis lumbar.

OBJETIVO: determinar a eficácia e a seguridade do uso da morfina intratecal, em baixas doses, em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de instrumentação e artrodese lombar. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo, randomizado, cego e controlado. Foram utilizados dois grupos de pacientes: Grupo Estudo, que recebeu morfina intratecal no final da cirurgia e o Grupo Controle, que recebeu somente o protocolo de analgesia padrão. RESULTADOS: foram encontradas diferenças significativas na escala visual analógica (EVA) entre os dois grupos às 12 horas pós-operatórias. A EVA em repouso, em média, do Grupo Estudo foi de 2,15 cm e do Grupo Controle, 5 cm (p=0,013). Durante atividade, o Grupo Estudo apresentou uma EVA de aproximadamente 4,36 cm e no Grupo Controle, 6,9 cm (p=0,029). Não foram encontradas diferenças com relação às complicações entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: o uso de morfina intratecal, em baixas doses, foi seguro e efetivo no controle da dor nas primeiras 12 horas pós-operatórias na cirurgia de artrodese lombar.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the efficacy and safety of low-dose intrathecal morphine use in lumbar instrumented arthrodesis. METHODS: prospective, randomized, blind and controlled study, comparing two groups of patients, with and without the administration of intrathecal morphine at the end of surgery. RESULTS: statistically significant differences were found in the visual analogue score (VAS) between the two groups, 12 hours after surgery. Average VAS (at rest) in the Study Group was 2.15 cm versus 5 cm in the Control Group (p=0.013). In activity, average, VAS in the Study Group was 4.36 cm and in the Control Group, 6.9 cm (p=0.029). No differences were found when comparing complication rates. CONCLUSION: the use of low-dose intrathecal morphine in instrumented lumbar arthrodesis, for postoperative pain management, is safe and effective.

Enfermedad de Bowen perianal / Bowen's disease of the anus

La Enfermedad de Bowen Perianal (EBP) es una entidad rara de curso crónico, poco agresiva, pero con un riesgo real aunque bajo de desarrollar cáncer escamoso invasor. Afecta predominante mujeres mayores de 50 años. Con mucha frecuencia se asocia con infección por papiloma virus en región anal y genital, lo que podría ser el factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la neoplasia maligna. El tratamiento actualmente aceptado es la resección local amplia (RLA) con o sin injerto de piel